汪汪队立大功！揭秘“福仔”们的训练秘诀

今年3月，一只名叫“福仔”的柯基犬正式成为山东省潍坊市的一只预备役警犬，这是该品种在中国服役的第一只警犬。

“福仔”出色的搜爆能力打破了人们对柯基短腿和过于友好的刻板印象，它的出现也曾引发全网热议。

The stereotype of short-legged, overly friendly corgis was broken by Fuzai's outstanding ability to search for explosives.

“福仔”的训导员赵清帅表示，第一次遇到两个多月的“福仔”时，他就感受到它极具潜力，喜欢与人互动。

不只是福仔，数据显示，全国范围内，共有2.9万多只现役警犬。一只优秀的警犬从幼犬到警犬，离不开训导员对它们日积月累的训练和长时间的陪伴。

在位于大兴区的北京市公安局刑侦总队警犬训练基地，训导员们每天上下午分4个不同的时间段，对警犬们进行日常训练。炎热的夏季，训练频率减少到每天两次，每次训练时间在1到2个小时左右。

Training typically involves four sessions a day, twice in the morning and twice in the afternoon. However, on scorching summer days, the training is reduced to twice daily, with a session limited to one to two hours.

小警汪进行衔取欲训练。摄影：王壮飞 / 中国日报

同时，他们也总结出自己的一套科学有效的独特训练方法：有些小警汪喜欢用嗅觉来感知外面的世界，而另一些更喜欢用视觉。通过观察这些行为模式，训导员们随着幼犬的成长来培养他们的潜在执法能力。

Some puppies prefer to take in the outside world using their sense of smell, while others prefer to use their vision. By observing these behavioral patterns, police dog handlers develop their potential law enforcement capabilities as the puppies grow.

一只小警犬大约在3月大时开始进行训练，不同的幼犬性格不同，而胆量，是一只小警犬成长为能搜索血迹、追踪毒品、寻找物证、打击犯罪嫌疑人的关键品质。

The ideal age to start a puppy’s basic training is when it is about 3 months old, in order to get a sense of its character and cultivate its adaptability to different circumstances.

衔取训练，是所有警犬训练科目的根本。其中通过一些简单的衔取欲训练，可以在警犬小时候，观察出它们未来成为警犬的性格和气场。

北京市公安局刑侦总队第九支队二中队民警夏笑波表示，“如果一只小狗没有衔取欲，那么它在以后的执勤中就很难执行不同类型的任务。”

“If a puppy does not want to acquire things, it will be hard for it to perform different types of missions later when on duty,” Xia said.

小警汪进行衔取欲训练。摄影：王壮飞 / 中国日报

如何培养一名小警汪的衔取欲？毛巾是幼犬训练的好工具，因为不仅可以作为训练用品，还可以保护它们正在发育的犬牙，以防小警汪们衔取过程中，造成额外的伤害。

A towel is a good tool for puppy training because it can not only be used as an inducement, but also protect the developing dog’s teeth if it pulls too hard, said Xia.

把训练习惯培养成幼犬的日常习惯，对它们的一生都至关重要。夏笑波提到：“幼犬在3到6个月大的时候很重要，这三个月的训练为警犬未来打下了坚实的基础，之后它们的能力将迅速提高。”

“Puppies have a make-or-break period, which is between three and six months old. Training during these three months lays a solid foundation for the dogs and their abilities will improve rapidly afterward,” Xia said.

在幼犬训练中心，夏警官和七位辅警共同训练小警犬们。春秋季通常是小警犬们出生的季节，目前该中心共有30只小警犬，都是今年春季出生的。

Xia and seven other auxiliary police officers train the puppies at the breeding center. Spring and autumn are the seasons when breeding dogs give birth, and currently there are more than 30 puppies in the center, all born this spring.

三个多月大的拉布拉多犬刚刚结束上午的训练。摄影：王壮飞 / 中国日报

除了衔取训练，警汪们同时还练习钻圈、钻洞及障碍物训练，在一次次挑战中，小警汪们克服心理恐惧、提升了体能。

小警汪们的营养一定要跟得上。据夏警官介绍，小警汪们的多样化饮食包括牛肉、鸡肉、鸡蛋和牛奶。为确保幼犬们的最佳营养吸收，训导员们会给小警汪们喂食较小颗粒的食品。

Their diversified diet includes beef, chicken, eggs, and milk. To ensure optimal nutrient absorption, officers feed the puppies with smaller kibbles.

但在小警汪正式成为“犬警官”的道路上，练习的持续时间也很难预测，通常伴随着训导员的极大耐心。北京市公安局刑侦总队警犬技术支队民警宋峥和他带的德国牧羊犬安迪在训练的过程中，便经历了“捉迷藏”的过程。

宋峥和安迪 摄影：王壮飞 / 中国日报

在训练中，宋峥在一个盒子里藏了一把带有“嫌疑人”气味的刀，在另一个盒子里藏了一把带有不同人气味的刀。但他说，安迪一开始对游戏规则不太清楚，会找到带刀的盒子，不过不一定是正确的那个。

通过以奖励为基础的训练方式，宋峥说安迪终于明白了游戏规则。“只有做正确的事，他才能赢得球；否则，就没有球可玩了。”

“Gradually, he realized that there was a rule that he needed to follow. Only by doing the right thing could he earn the ball; otherwise, there would be no ball to play with.”

安迪是非常聪明的，前三天，它在进入训练室后会对所有干扰做出反应，然而在第四天，它开始明白了训练的目的。

宋峥表示，他没有训练的诀窍，所有的训练理论上说起来都非常简单，但就日常训练而言，更像是和狗狗玩心理游戏。

“每天都在考虑设置各种条件让它得到训练。与此同时，它也在想走捷径来满足你的要求。”

“I have no secret to training police dogs,” Song said. “I feel that all training theories are quite simple, but in terms of day-to-day training, it’s more like playing mind games with the canine. Every day, you are thinking of setting various conditions to challenge the dog. At the same time, he is also thinking of shortcuts to give you what you want.”

警犬在训练中。摄影：王壮飞 / 中国日报

北京市公安局警犬基地目前拥有300多只现役警犬。该基地定期培育新的幼犬，照顾退休的狗，并设立了一个特殊的墓地，以缅怀功勋警犬。

兽医在对警犬进行体检。摄影：王壮飞 / 中国日报

对小警汪和警犬进行定期的医疗护理也是必要的。该基地设有专门的兽医中心，配备了一支专业的兽医队伍，会对警汪们进行定期体检及医疗保障。

The base also has a veterinary center and the dogs are given routine checkups and are provided with treatment when needed.

警汪的工作寿命通常取决于它的身体状况。健康强壮的警犬通常会一直服役到10岁左右。

A police dog’s working life usually depends on its physical condition. Healthy, strong dogs often remain in service until about the age of 10.

已有20多年警犬训练经验的夏笑波表示，“从一开始就训练这些小狗是非常有成就感的。我们为每只幼犬量身定制训练方法，看着它们从什么都不会做的阶段成长为一只优秀的警犬，这种感觉真的很棒。”

“It’s such a fulfilling journey to train these puppies from the very beginning. We tailor our training methods to each individual dog, and it’s really something to watch them grow up from when they couldn’t do anything to a time when they can,” said Xia.

记者：辛闻 曹音

实习生：金奕竺